If electricity is partially used as an input, the resulting thermochemical cycle is defined as a hybrid one. For a full comparison, pressure and purity of the hydrogen produced also need to be considered. Hydrogen is not an energy source, but is an energy vector or carrier. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. [31], Electrolysis consists of using electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. H 2 Higher Heating Value: 39.4 kWh/kg; H 2 Lower Heating Value: 33.3 kWh/kg The latter processes, methane pyrolysis as well as water electrolysis can be done directly with any source of electricity, such as solar power. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. 3 What is the most efficient way to convert hydrogen to electricity? This means that if natural gas costs $6/million BTU, then hydrogen will be $18/million BTU. Unless we see a reduction in renewable electricity generation cost, green hydrogen cost is not expected to come down below a $1.5 per kg to $2 per kg by only through electrolyser cost reduction. Because hydrogen has a low volumetric energy density, it is stored onboard a vehicle as . . The cycle can be performed with any source of very high temperatures, approximately 950C, such as by Concentrating solar power systems (CSP) and is regarded as being well suited to the production of hydrogen by high-temperature nuclear reactors,[78] and as such, is being studied in the High-temperature engineering test reactor in Japan. [16][17], The process is conducted at higher temperatures (1065C or 1950F). [75] The source energy is mainly solar energy, with help of photosynthetic microorganisms to decompose water or biomass to produce hydrogen. [68][69], Nuclear radiation can break water bonds through radiolysis. Although hydrogen can be used in conventional internal combustion engines, fuel cells, being electrochemical, have a theoretical efficiency advantage over heat engines. 1,LQ"G%p\(,(]}~EY:Z^;h9y'n-=9rDtY.I)Nv2($txEjr:~wwW4+WhqSE+~\P|vvqZZxkoxKeuS-_fWd k#}`C#=]M=+f8,$G &xL/[,*v\_.x 5i*L!X]g5BgAq{Ten CW{dytA-1Novf "6'BT'&9$rDF [104] Application of ATR technology with integrated capture of carbon dioxide in Europe has been assessed to have a lower greenhouse gas footprint than burning natural gas, e.g. What happens to atoms during chemical reaction? What should the mother of the groom not do? The process of coal gasification uses steam and oxygen to break molecular bonds in coal and form a gaseous mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The assumption in the industry is that Alkaline and PEM electrolysers will rise to an efficiency of about 75% (44 kWh in, 33.3 kWh out) within five years. . Is it easy to get an internship at Microsoft? The electricity for electrolysis can come from any of the three energy sources. 33.6 kWh In electrical terms, the energy density of hydrogen is equal to 33.6 kWh of usable energy per kg, versus diesel which only holds about 1214 kWh per kg. 10, 22,000 TWh is roughly equivalent to 15% of total world primary energy demand. Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier that can be used to power nearly every end-use energy need. The resulting endothermic reaction breaks up the methane molecules and forms carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen (H2). The main biochemical technologies to produce hydrogen are dark and photo fermentation processes. Hydrogen produced by steam reformation costs approximately three times the cost of natural gas per unit of energy produced. Drill Baby Drill 2.0: The EPA Needs To Start Permitting Wells For Carbon Dioxide Sequestration, Asias Hunger For Energy Will Not Save Russias Economy, Combustion for reforming energy 3.7 metric tons, Power for separation and compression 0.1 metric tons. First, as indicated by the SMR and WGS reactions, 100% of the carbon in the incoming methane is ultimately converted to CO2. The natural gas entering the SMR is split before desulfurization, with a small amount of flow mixing with the PSA waste gas and being combusted to provide the high temperatures needed for the reaction. So, we multiply 900 by 3.67 = 3300 g of carbon dioxide. Steam reforming is a well-established technology that allows hydrogen production from hydrocarbons and water. The cost of hydrogen production is an important issue. Additional heat required to drive the process is generally supplied by burning some portion of the methane. . However, this process has relatively low hydrogen yields and high operating cost. [44] AECs optimally operate at high concentrations of electrolyte (KOH or potassium carbonate) and at high temperatures, often near 200C (392F). [50], PEM efficiency is expected to increase to approximately 86%[51] before 2030. Diesel fuel and heating oil conversion calculator. The fuel cells themselves must also be built, and there are carbon emissions associated with those construction processes. How much energy is produced? This has the potential to reduce the overall cost of the hydrogen produced by reducing the amount of electrical energy required for electrolysis.[40][41][42][43]. A variation of this process is presented in 2009 using, plasma arc waste disposal technology for the production of hydrogen, heat and carbon from methane and natural gas in a plasma converter. CC-HOD (Catalytic Carbon - Hydrogen On Demand) is a low-temperature process in which carbon and aluminium are submerged and heated to about 80C (176F), causing a chemical reaction which produces hydrogen. Hydrogen from Natural Gas via Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) Energy efficiency of hydrogen from natural gas . More hydrogen and carbon dioxide are then obtained from carbon monoxide (and water) via the water-gas shift reaction. This means that it has to be produced from one of the primary energy sources: fossil fuels, nuclear, solar, wind, biomass, hydro, geothermal and urban waste resources. [88], The conversion of solar energy to hydrogen by means of water splitting process is one of the most interesting ways to achieve clean and renewable energy systems. As of 2020, the cost of hydrogen by electrolysis is around $38/kg. However, taking into account the process of water de-mineralisation, the ratio can range between 18 kg and 24 kg of water per kg of hydrogen or even up to 25.7-30.2 according to [1]. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Energy needed to make 1 kg of H2 = 32.9 kWh/kg. The challenge is to separate hydrogen from other naturally occurring compounds in an efficient and economic manner. Since the only inputs are the microbes, production costs are low. The report by IRENA.ORG is an extensive factual report of present-day industrial hydrogen production consuming about 53 to 70 kWh per kg could go down to about 45 kWh/kg H 2 . The iX5's two hydrogen tanks hold a combined six kilograms, and offer an WLTP-cycle range of 504 km. When ignited, the gas mixture converts to water vapor and releases energy, which sustains the reaction: 241.8 kJ of energy (LHV) for every mole of H2 burned. A mole of hydrogen weighs 2 grams. Methanol (CH 3 OH) 22.7 MJ/kg. Updated DOE technical targets for hydrogen production from electrolysis will be available soon. What is in high demand during a recession? Electrolysis of ammonia in waste water consumes just 1.55 kWh of electrical energy to produce 1 kg of hydrogen. Hydrogen is produced as a by-product of industrial chlorine production by electrolysis. Since then, many articles that analyze the hydrogen economy's opportunities and challenges have been published in popular and scientic media [3-9]. Heat value. using atmospheric electrolyses. The Sequel, which GM unveiled in January 2005, carries 8 kilograms of compressed hydrogen this way-enough to power the vehicle for 300 miles. In the laboratory, water electrolysis can be done with a simple apparatus like a. Chukwu, C., Naterer, G. F., Rosen, M. A., "Process Simulation of Nuclear-Produced Hydrogen with a Cu-Cl Cycle", 29th Conference of the Canadian Nuclear Society, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 14, 2008. " lists the carbon footprint of electricity production from coal and natural gas as 1.0 kg/kWh and 0.42 kg/kWh, respectively . Table 1.1 provides a table with common hydrogen metrics. between 0.80.9 kg/kWh, seven plants use between 0.9- 1.0 kg/kWh, and at three plants - coal usage exceeds 1.0 kg/kWh. "Facts on low-carbon hydrogen A European perspective", ZEP Oct 2021, 2021, high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), High-temperature engineering test reactor, industrial chlorine production by electrolysis, "A net-zero world 'would require 306 million tonnes of green hydrogen per year by 2050': IEA | Recharge", "Global Hydrogen Generation Market Size Report, 2030", "About Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (They're Not Clean)", "Review and evaluation of hydrogen production methods for better sustainability", "Hydrogen Production via Steam Reforming with CO, "HFCIT Hydrogen Production: Natural Gas Reforming", "Catalytic molten metals for the direct conversion of methane to hydrogen and separable carbon in a single reaction step commercial process (at potentially low-cost). Due to heat losses and inefficiencies, the actual number in practice in a large hydrogen plant is 21.9 metric tons. [79][80][81][82] There are other hybrid cycles that use both high temperatures and some electricity, such as the Copperchlorine cycle, it is classified as a hybrid thermochemical cycle because it uses an electrochemical reaction in one of the reaction steps, it operates at 530C and has an efficiency of 43 percent. The molecular weight of H2 is 2.016 grams per mole. How much energy can be extracted from a kilogram of hydrogen? It is coy about the prices it expects for its own products, but I guess that it projects about $500 per kilowatt of capacity by mid-decade.[4]. A typical operational figure is about 48 kWh per kg of hydrogen. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. However, it is possible in theory to capture the carbon emissions generated in the SMR process. Fuel cells are more expensive to produce . Hydrogen can be separated from other impurities by the pressure-swing adsorption process. A subsequent reaction the water gas shift reaction then reacts additional steam with the carbon monoxide to produce additional hydrogen and carbon dioxide. [34] The electrical efficiency of electrolysis is expected to reach 8286%[35] before 2030, while also maintaining durability as progress in this area continues apace. [6] Fossil fuels are the dominant source of industrial hydrogen. Heat is produced when C and H combine with oxygen (O) during combustion. This is a BETA experience. complete answer on greencarreports.com. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Its energy density is between 120 (33.333kWh) and 142 MJ/kg (39.444kWh). of moles in one kilograms [47], Conventional alkaline electrolysis has an efficiency of about 70%,[48] however advanced alkaline water electrolyser with efficiency of up to 82% are available. The discovery and development of less expensive methods of production of bulk hydrogen is relevant to the establishment of a hydrogen economy.[7]. [94] Enterobacter aerogenes is another hydrogen producer. The carbon footprint of hydrogen production via SMR can be broken down into two parts. There are 19,253 SCF of carbon dioxide in one metric ton, so 1 million SCF of hydrogen will produce 13 metric tons of carbon dioxide. [7] Carbon dioxide can be separated from natural gas with a 7085% efficiency for hydrogen production and from other hydrocarbons to varying degrees of efficiency. This converts to 0.28 kg of carbon dioxide emissions associated with one kilowatt-hour of hydrogen production. "They would cover an area about twice the size of . Billions of dollars have been invested in the attempt to realize this vision. [2]This will have an energy value of about 16,500 TWh, or about 40% of the worlds current consumption of natural gas. Producing 1 kg of hydrogen requires about 5 kWh of electricity for process heat. The reforming reaction typically takes place over a nickel-based catalyst at elevated pressures and temperatures. Producing 1 kg of hydrogen requires about 5 kWh of electricity for process heat. However, if this process is assisted by photocatalysts suspended directly in water instead of using photovoltaic and an electrolytic system the reaction is in just one step, it can be made more efficient. Hydrogen is little more than transformed electricity. However, each technology has its disadvantages, and that is especially the low bulk energy density of hydrogen (3 kWh/m3 at 20 C and 1 bar). Hydrogen burns cleanly. Also referred to as energy or calorific value, heat value is a measure of a fuel's energy density, and is expressed in energy (joules) per specified amount ( e.g. To get one molecule of hydrogen you need two electronic charges 2q The charge Q required to get one kilograms= 2qx no. At these high temperatures, a significant amount of the energy required can be provided as thermal energy (heat), and as such is termed high-temperature electrolysis. In dark fermentation, carbohydrates are converted to hydrogen by fermentative microorganisms including strict anaerobe and facultative anaerobe bacteria. complete answer on thelogicalindian.com, View Finally, the hydrogen is purified in the PSA unit. All the energy we use, including hydrogen, must be produced from one of these three primary energy resources. The 2 main ways to produce hydrogen from renewables are: . Learn More about RBN Energys Hydrogen Package HERE. The proposed process will develop the technology to produce ammonia from renewable sources of energy with 25% less energy input per tonne of ammonia. into the oxygen side of the reactor. When electricity is used to produce hydrogen, thermodynamics dictate that you will always produce less energy than you consume. Off peak rate of $0.03/kw x 32.9 kWh = $0.987/kg. Among many hydrogen production methods, eco-friendly and high purity of hydrogen (99.999%) can be obtained from electrolysis of water to produce pure hydrogen and oxygen it is called as water electrolysis. When hydrogen is combusted, it forms water. Hydrogen has an energy density of 39 kWh/kg, which means that 1 kg of hydrogen contains 130 times more energy than 1kg of batteries. 2, Estimates vary, but about 70 million tonnes of pure hydrogen is made today, mostly for the fertiliser and oil refinery industries. The hydrogen calculator allows users to convert hydrogen quantities from one standard measure to another - whether it's mass, volume, or energy content. It is highly flammable, needing only a small amount of energy to ignite and burn. Pyrolysis can be divided into different types based on the pyrolysis temperature, namely low-temperature slow pyrolysis, medium-temperature rapid pyrolysis, and high-temperature flash pyrolysis. Our calculation estimated that a total of 82,553, 168.4, and 2300 tons of medical waste was . To find the number of moles of H2 in 1 kilogram: 1000 grams 2.016 grams/mole = 496.081 moles of H2. This is said. Hydrogen may be used in fuel cells for local electricity generation or potentially as a transportation fuel. In the process of producing one molecule of CO2, four molecules of hydrogen (H2) are produced, with the steam contributing the additional hydrogen. [18][19][20] Other forms of methane pyrolysis, such as the thermo-catalytic decomposition of methane, however, are able to operate at a reduced temperature between 600C - 1000C depending on the chosen catalyst.[21]. This involves a pressurization step that causes impurities to bind to an adsorbent, while hydrogen passes through. The hydrogen atoms mix with the oxygen atoms and create the essential H20 formula, resulting in a light residue of water that may . The produced syngas consists mainly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and H2S from the sulfur in the coke feed. ", "How the hydrogen revolution can help save the planet and how it can't", "How many people does synthetic fertilizer feed? How do you convert hydrogen into electricity? Put an energy value of 50 kWh of electricity in and get hydrogen out with an energy value of 33.3 kWh, or 67% efficiency. [1] So a tonne of hydrogen delivers about 33 MWh and a million tonnes about 33 terawatt hours (TWh). To meet the need for hydrogen we need a sharp acceleration in renewable installations to several terawatts a year. Answer (1 of 3): How much electricity is needed to make hydrogen? The Enapter founder and CEO says that the devices can already produce hydrogen for less than $7.60/kg. [72], Water spontaneously dissociates at around 2500C, but this thermolysis occurs at temperatures too high for usual process piping and equipment resulting in a rather low commercialization potential.[73]. The higher heating value is 39.39 kWh/kg or 3.54 kWh/Nm. gallons Btu megajoules liters. This leads to SMR onsite CO 2 emissions of about 9.4 kg/kg H 2, or 82,658 g CO2 /mmbtu H 2, or 78.3 g CO 2 /MJ H 2, in LHV, which is close to the median CO 2 from the GHGRP as reported above. For example, in water, hydrogen is combined with oxygen. The process works. Praxair [86] In the late 1990s it was discovered that if the algae are deprived of sulfur it will switch from the production of oxygen, i.e. Greater compression energies are required to fill vehicles in practice due to compressor inefficiencies and heating during fast fills. 4 How far can a car travel on 1 kg of hydrogen? The hot gas exiting the SMR is cooled, which simultaneously generates steam in the process. MRE electrolyzers require 48 kilowatt hours (KWH) of electricity to produce 1 kg of hydrogen. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The calculator also accounts for different periods of time and units of measurement. Today, renewable hydrogen from electrolysis costs about $6/kilogram (kg). Energy Density of Hydrogen. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. This oxidation also provides energy to maintain the reaction. Energy needed to make 1 . [85], Biological hydrogen can be produced in an algae bioreactor. Hydrogen is not only the cleanest fuel but also widely used in a number of industries, especially fertilizer, petrochemical and food ones. Hydrogen has one of the highest energy density values per mass. [92], This makes it logical to investigate alternative sources for hydrogen production. High quality hydrogen is produced directly from natural gas and the associated non-polluting solid carbon is not released into the atmosphere and can then be sold for industrial use or stored in landfill. When it is burned with oxygen, the only by products are heat and water. [108], As of 2020[update], estimated costs of production are $11.80/kg for grey hydrogen and blue hydrogen,[109] and $2.506.80 for green hydrogen. The desulfurization step consists of passing the natural gas over a catalyst. mol - 1 H 2 + 1 / 2 O 2. Yes. Gasification is an option for producing hydrogen from almost any carbon source. Will Lithium Follow The Super-Cycle Of Mining? In addition to reduce the voltage required for electrolysis via the increasing of the temperature of the electrolysis cell it is also possible to electrochemically consume the oxygen produced in an electrolyser by introducing a fuel (such as carbon/coal,[62] methanol,[63][64] ethanol,[65] formic acid,[66] glycerol,[66] etc.) The collaborative Hydrogen Storage Engineering Center of Excellence conducts analysis activities to determine the current status of materials-based storage system technologies. Adding this to the carbon dioxide produced from the natural gas reactions, the total becomes 19.3 metric tons of carbon dioxide produced per million SCF of hydrogen. Hydrogens dirty secret is that it is produced primarily from fossil fuels. A listing of the cost and performance characteristics of various hydrogen production processes is as follows: This table was originally published in IEEE Power & Energy, Vol. The chemical reaction takes the general form: Idealized examples for heating oil and coal, assuming compositions C12H24 and C24H12 respectively, are as follows: The Kvrner process or Kvaerner carbon black & hydrogen process (CB&H)[22] is a plasma reforming method, developed in the 1980s by a Norwegian company of the same name, for the production of hydrogen and carbon black from liquid hydrocarbons (CnHm). Hordeski, M. F. Alternative fuels: the future of hydrogen. , one of the worlds largest producers of hydrogen, hasbroken downthe carbon footprint associated with the individual process steps. [102] Blue hydrogen has been estimated to have a greenhouse gas footprint 20% greater than burning gas or coal for heat and 60% greater when compared to burning diesel for heat, assuming US up- and mid-stream methane leakage rates and production via steam methane reformers (SMR) retrofitted with carbon dioxide capture. hydrogen economy [2]1. [26][27] Another method for conversion is low-temperature and high-temperature coal carbonization.[28]. Find us on Facebook. A modern SMR plant consists of four systems: Desulfurization, Reforming, High-Temperature Shift (HTS), and Pressure Swing Absorption (PSA). The e-mail address is not made public and will only be used if you wish to receive a new password or wish to receive certain news or notifications by e-mail. That is equivalent to a 7:1 H2 to crude oil ratio. 171-199 (The Fairmont Press, inc., 2007). [40] These cells have the advantage of being comparatively simple and can be designed to accept widely varying voltage inputs, which makes them ideal for use with renewable sources of energy such as photovoltaic solar panels. [6] Depending on the quality of the feedstock (natural gas, rich gases, naphtha, etc. [109], 94 million tonnes of grey hydrogen are currently produced globally using fossil fuels as of 2022, primarily natural gas, and are therefore a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. Nearly 50% of the world's hydrogen is being produced by this method. In fact, it was first demonstrated at the Florida Solar Energy Center . View complete answer on wernerantweiler.ca. How is the energy density of hydrogen determined? How much does it cost to produce 1kg of hydrogen? It can be used as a source of power, and it is an important feed stock for many petrochemical processes. To do this, however, the electrolysis cell must be heated. But that is for the actual conversion into power, and not just the energy content of the fuel. NEL, the worlds largest electrolyser manufacturer, says that it believes $1.50 is achievable in 2025, based on $20 per megawatt hour electricity. As of 2020, the majority of hydrogen (95%) is produced from fossil fuels by steam reforming of natural gas and other light hydrocarbons, partial oxidation of heavier hydrocarbons, and coal gasification. The global hydrogen generation market was valued at US$135.94 billion in 2021, and expected to grow to US$219.2 billion by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.4% from 2021 to 2030. [84] The method has been in use since World War I. complete answer on cleanenergywire.org, View How far can a car travel on 1 kg of hydrogen? Therefore, hydrogen can be used as a low-carbon fuel source. When the source of energy for water splitting is renewable or low-carbon, the hydrogen produced is sometimes referred to as green hydrogen. The heat energy can be provided from a number of different sources, including waste industrial heat, nuclear power stations or concentrated solar thermal plants. Since hydrogen produces minimal pollutants when combusted, it is envisioned by many as a core component of a cleaner energy future. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. You may opt-out by. 0 [39], SOECs operate at high temperatures, typically around 800C (1,470F). Todays global production from all wind and solar farms is a little more than 10% of this figure. 1, A kilogramme of hydrogen - the unit most often used - has an energy value of about 33.3 kWh. Today, a NEL alkaline electrolyzer roughly consume 4 kWh/Nm which translates into 45 kWh per kg of hydrogen 9 (infrastructure losses should also be taken into account for a proper calculation). Facebook Twitter Youtube Linkedin. This converts to 9.3 kilograms (kg) of CO2produced per kg of hydrogen production. Low electricity prices are, of course, utterly critical, followed by falling electrolyser prices. The process involves bacteria consuming hydrocarbons and producing hydrogen and CO2. Generating Hydrogen by electrolysis from wind farm electricity is now the cheapest way of producing the gas.Fuel Cells. To provide a sense of scale, the UK uses about 300 TWh of electricity a year. Hydrogen (H 2) 120-142 MJ/kg. This reduces the required electrical energy and has the potential to reduce the cost of hydrogen to less than 40~60% with the remaining energy provided in this manner. [3]This is equivalent to 4.5 US cents per kWh of energy value, or $45 per MWh. What this really means is that 1 kg of hydrogen, used in a fuel cell . The chemical reaction uses sodium hydroxide, ferrosilicon, and water. Users can specify the input and output units including the factors, units, and time period. Overall, about 1.392 mmbtu NG is needed to produce 1 mmbtu H 2 (in LHV). The method also produces concentrated CO2 that needs to be captured and stored.[30]. Hydrogen production is the family of industrial methods for generating hydrogen gas. Hence, metabolites formed in dark fermentation can be used as feedstock in photo fermentation to enhance the overall yield of hydrogen.[92]. [38] Traditionally, alkaline electrolysers are cheaper in terms of investment (they generally use nickel catalysts), but less-efficient; PEM electrolysers, conversely, are more expensive (they generally use expensive platinum group metal catalysts) but are more efficient and can operate at higher current densities, and can therefore be possibly cheaper if the hydrogen production is large enough. It reportedly generates hydrogen at 100 percent of the theoretical yield without the need for any catalysts, chemicals, or externally supplied power.[99][100]. A theoretical maximum of 4mol H2/mol glucose can be produced and, besides hydrogen, sugars are converted to volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and alcohols as by-products during this process. The fuel . | DW | 12.06.2020", https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/SE/D0SE00222D, https://zeroemissionsplatform.eu/wp-content/uploads/ZEP-paper-Facts-on-low-carbon-hydrogen-%E2%80%93-A-European-perspective-October-2021.pdf, "Catalytic molten metals for the direct conversion of methane to hydrogen and separable carbon", "World first for nuclear-powered pink hydrogen as commercial deal signed in Sweden | Recharge", "A wake-up call on green hydrogen: the amount of wind and solar needed is immense | Recharge", "How does the energy crisis affect the transition to net zero? The basic reaction is described in Eq. Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The conversion of hydrogen back into electricity can be classically done by using internal combustion engines (ICE), gas turbines, or in the very large scale combined cycle power plants. ) to express MWh. How do I make sure lice doesn't come back? [59] The thermodynamic energy required for hydrogen by electrolysis translates to 33 kWh/kg, which is higher than steam reforming with carbon capture and higher than . Pyrolysis of methane is a hydrogen production process from natural gas. The sulfur and iodine used in the process are recovered and reused, and not consumed by the process. In other words, the energy input in electricity will be greater than the energy output of hydrogen. See the "Hydrogen Production Paths" chart below for unique ways to produce hydrogen from the three sources. WECs Angela Wilkinson: A Voice Of Reason In The Energy And Climate Discussion. [74] The heating temperature can be reduced by applying catalysts which allow the water decomposition by steps with lower energy. It does not store any personal data. Let C be . You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. It is not a feasible method for industry. Its energy density is between 120 and 142 MJ/kg. The calculator also accounts for different periods of time and units of measurement. The energy in 2.2 pounds (1 kilogram) of hydrogen gas is about the same as the energy in 1 gallon (6.2 pounds, 2.8 kilograms) of gasoline. Natural gas is primarily methane (CH 4), which has a higher energy content .