Coach Watson recounted to Murff that some opponents refused to bat against Ryan and how his hard pitches would sometimes break bones in his catchers' hands. Instead, he had the team toast Ryan. The Texas Rangers and left-handed reliever Will Smith have agreed to a one-year, $1.5 million deal. While Ventura was ejected, Ryanwho had barely moved from his spot on the mound in the fracaswas allowed to remain in the game. Speaking of 27, Nolan Ryan was in the 27th and final year of his Hall of Fame career, pitching for the Texas Rangers. "In a move that seems both bizarre and yet totally typical, Ryan stepped back out for a curtain call. Until Nolan Ryan ushered in the radar age in 1974, there were only two other pitchers in history that were clocked using various devices. "Nolan wanted to win this one, and I just let him go," Winkles said. The next closest seasons were both in the American League, both had "At the end of 12 innings I told him that's it, but he said, 'You got to let me pitch at least one more inning because I haven't set my record yet.'". That intense focus on every pitch. [82], Ryan wrote in his 1992 autobiography "Miracle Man" that he voted for Jimmy Carter over Gerald R. Ford Jr. in 1976, but since then has generally identified as a Republican, though he does not automatically vote this way and looks at individual candidates, mentioning disgust at one particular election in which the two major parties were forcing a choice between "the racist or the criminal. David Schoenfield. Every Sports Reference Social Media Account, Site Last Updated: Saturday, March 4, 12:52AM. Good morning, Mets fans! In those seven games, Ryan accumulated a total of 94 strikeouts and 26 walks; a ratio of 3.6 strikeouts per walk (his career K:BB was 2.0). With perfect location, it doesn't matter how bad your stuff is. The .500 pitcher had become an Authentic American Hero. Nolan Ryan career postseason stats See trending When was Nolan Ryan drafted? Nobody tracked pitch counts systematically until the WebGet the latest news, stats, videos, highlights and more about starting pitcher Nolan Ryan on ESPN. Ryan has written, by a quick accounting, at least four autobiographies, plus a pitcher's guide to performance written with his Rangers pitching coach Tom House, plus the "Nolan Ryan Beef & Barbecue Cookbook." You feel like you can hear the grunting. Then in the 1969 World Series, Ryan saved Game 3, pitching .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}2+13 shutout innings against the Baltimore Orioles. Many of the pitchers were all 15 to 20 pounds overweight and it affected their effectiveness. Data Provided By Tom Seaver and Steve Carlton were clearly better, and Phil Niekro (who also never won a Cy Young Award) and Gaylord Perry were probably better. Rick George was promoted to president of business operations. After his retirement in 1993, Ryan served as chief executive officer (CEO) of the Texas Rangers and an executive advisor to the Houston Astros. Ryan pitched into the fifth inning in a game the Rangers won 12-10 with a nine-run rally in the eighth inning. He was then promoted to the Class AA Williamsport Mets of the Eastern League, where he was 02 with a 0.95 ERA, striking out 35 batters in 19 innings. But his good mechanics allowed him to bounce back from them. The opposing high bidder was Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban. Ryan threw a record seven no-hitters during his major league career, three more than any other pitcher. He appeared as a TV spokesman for Advil for several years, promoting the pain medication he recommended for his own arm. However, in his 1992 book Ryan expressed some criticisms of the elder Bush's (George H.W. On July 11, 1985, Ryan struck out Danny Heep for his 4,000th career strikeout.[31]. WebHighlights of Nolan Ryan's fastest pitches. from the SABR BioProject, More Nolan Ryan Pages at Baseball Reference. But he definitely had a reputation of working inside. Opening Day of 1992, matched up against Randy Johnson. Nolan Ryan threw four complete games in his career in which he walked no one: 1. Greg Myers of the California Angels was the last strikeout victim of Nolan Ryan's career, on September 17, 1993.[36]. Of his 122 pitches, 83 were strikes. All he cared about was playing golf.". It was the closest he ever came in the Cy Young balloting. Many thanks to him. That might not seem so impressive now, but factor in that radar guns used back then were slower than today's technology. Legendary, dominating, historically wild? On July 9, 1972, Ryan struck out three batters on nine pitches in the second inning of a 30 win over the Boston Red Sox; he became the seventh American League pitcher to accomplish the immaculate inning, and the first pitcher in Major League history to accomplish the feat in both leagues. So maybe you could call him stubborn. [17], Ryan's performance declined sharply in the second half of his final season with the Mets. After the home run, Ryan threw three more pitches to Dave Magadan, but with a 2-1 count he summoned trainer Danny Wheat, handed Wheat the ball and walked off the mound. WebHe pitched only 66 1/3 innings, his fewest for a full season in his 27-year career. [20], Ryan left Houston after a contract dispute following the 1988 season and signed with the Texas Rangers at age 42. [73], The Alvin Independent School District opened Nolan Ryan Junior High School, located at 11500 Shadow Creek Parkway (FM 2234) in Pearland, Texas, just a few hundred yards away from the Nolan Ryan Expressway. Ryan would go on to In the fifth and final game of the series, Ryan and the Astros held a 52 lead entering the 8th inning. (19071970). In a sense, that was understandable. I could feel every minute of these 44 years.". On April 12, in his second start of the season, he allowed one hit in eight innings and struck out 15. Ryan was immediately named as CEO while keeping the title of president. Ryan got his third taste of postseason play in 1980, but the Astros were stopped one game short of the World Series. "In the face of overwhelming criticism," Kornheiser wrote, "he persists: His way is the right way." What's the Dodgers' plan at shortstop? [15] The deal has been cited as one of the worst in Mets history but was not viewed as unreasonable at the time given Ryan's relatively unremarkable numbers as a Met and Fregosi's good career to that point.[21][22][23]. [46] He also owned a restaurant in Three Rivers, Texas. Verlander credited a 2019 meeting with Nolan Ryan as inspiring him to use the pitch more often, which he did before his injuries that caused him WebDid Nolan Ryan throw over 200 pitches in a game? Ryan had a shaky start in Game 2, taking the loss. Mine is winning two-thirds of my games.". Scores from any date in Major League history, Minor, Foreign, College, & Black Baseball, Frequently Asked Questions about MLB and Baseball, Subscribe to Stathead Baseball: Get your first month FREE. Copyright: ESPN Enterprises, Inc. All rights reserved. Alvin head coach Jim Watson and the other players on the 65 team described Ryans senior year performance with the same term: wheel horse. He never did anything to enhance himself physically. Ryan Express is a nickname for Nolan Ryan. In five seasons with the Rangers, Ryan had a 5139 record, a 3.43 ERA, 1.12 WHIP, with 353 walks and 939 strikeouts in 840 innings over 129 starts.[20]. He has 5,714 career strikeouts, nearly a thousand more than the next closest pitcher (Randy Johnson). All rights reserved. ", Alan Ashby: "The funniest line I ever heard about Nolan was said by Oscar Gamble. Other contemporaries of Ryan also have cases that they were better than him. vs. SEA 0.0 IP, 2 H, 0 SO, 4 BB, 5 ER, L. Hall of Fame: Inducted as Player in 1999. [80], Nolan frequently pitched in the off-seasons, with Ruth often donning catching gear and serving as his catcher. Apparently Walter Johnson or Lefty Grove or Satchel Paige weren't good enough. Nine Blue Jays hitters swung and missed strike-three fastballs. The Mets later drafted Ryan. All images are property the copyright holder and are displayed here for informational purposes only. He ended 5-5 with a 4.88 ERA. "[26], Pitching 13 innings against the Boston Red Sox on June 14, 1974, Ryan threw 235 pitches, striking out 19, walking 10 and getting a no-decision. Here's how WBC offenses stack up with MLB's best, Las Vegas prepared to give A's 'better opportunity', Female minor league manager shadows Lovullo, Paxton (hamstring) unlikely for start of season, Jays' Guerrero to miss WBC with inflamed knee, Rangers, LHP Smith agree to 1-year, $1.5M deal, 7 Cubs combine for 1st spring no-no since 2017, Scherzer tries to test pitch clock limits, gets balk. May 22, 2013. Ryan, pitching for the Rangers in his 27th and final major league season at age 46, was a living legend. [64] In another column, Neyer, while stating that Ryan belonged in the Hall of Fame, pointed to Ryan's record-breaking walks total and noted that his .309 on-base percentage against "wasn't even close to being in the top 100". That game went 14 innings, equaling the longest in innings in World Series history (at 5:41, it was the longest in time). According to researcher Terry Cullen, Cobb hit .366 in his career off Johnson (120-for-328) -- pretty amazing considering Cobb's average against all pitchers was .366. Other contemporaries of Ryan also have cases that they were better than him. Full-year historical Major League statistics provided by Pete Palmer and Gary Gillette of Hidden Game Sports. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999,[1] and is widely considered to be one of the greatest MLB pitchers of all time. Not so much. [13] In 1967, Ryan pitched three games in relief for the Class AAA Jacksonville Suns, started one game for the Class A Winter Haven Mets and pitched eight games for the Mets team in the Florida Instructional League. If I'm going to lose, I'm going to lose my way. Ryan struck out 16, matching his high during his five years in Texas. [5] As a senior in 1965, Ryan had a 193 record and led the Alvin Yellow Jackets to the Texas high school state finals. That was not Nolan Ryan's way. Let up a little, Ryan had always been told. in Refugio, TX WebDid Nolan Ryan throw 108 mph? In 1990, now 43 years old, it was more out-of-this world outings for Ryan. He threw 114 pitches and added 10 strikeouts in the no-hitter against the Phillies. He wasnt even a top 3 pitcher in his own era. In fact, from the no-hitter through July 19, just over two months of action, he started 16 games, completed 12 of them and threw 135 innings. [27][28], During a September 7, 1974 game against the Chicago White Sox at Anaheim Stadium, Ryan became the first Major League pitcher to have his pitch speed measured during a game. The final game of Ryan's career. WebDid Nolan Ryan throw 108 mph? In February 2008, the Rangers hired Ryan as team president. (Ryan ranks 12th in pitching WAR since 1920 and would rank lower on a list that measured a pitcher's seven best seasons or something like that.) The No. Umpire Ron Luciano, after first doubling over in laughter, told Cash to get rid of it. Exceeded rookie limits during 1968 season, View Player Bio In 1963 Marichal reportedly threw 227 pitches and Spahn threw 201 Nolan Ryans Final Hit Batter: August 4, 1993 By Ken Allan By Referee - August 1, 2022 I n his illustrious 27-year career, Hall of Fame pitcher Nolan Ryan hit 158 batters. He started Game 1 of the ALCS and threw seven innings against the Orioles' Jim Palmer, but neither man was involved in the decision as Baltimore won in the 10th inning. Nolan Ryan had 5,714 career strikeouts ( Top 1,000 ), more than any other pitcher in history (839 more than #2 all-time, Randy Johnson ). In 1990, Ryan threw his sixth no-hitter on June 11 against the Athletics, and earned his 300th win on July 31 against the Milwaukee Brewers. Knife fights. It was impossible not to marvel at what Ryan was doing, to separate all the SportsCenter moments from the big picture, all the strikeouts from all the walks. Ryan has more nine-inning no-hitters than all the rest of the starting pitchers now on active major league rosters combined (they have six). The Game 3 victory gave the Mets a 21 lead in the Series, which they went on to win in five games. 2 pitcher in the league that year averaged 7.74. There will never be another pitcher like Nolan Ryan, The greatest lineups ever? The hitters were in awe of him because they couldn't hit him; the pitchers were in awe of him because they understood how difficult it was to do what he did. Ryan also played various positions besides pitcher. Maybe his niche is 383 strikeouts. Find out more. On June 14, 1974, Ryan purportedly threw 235 pitches in a start against the Red Sox. It was Ryan's only World Series appearance in his career. Home. Ryan had curbed some of the wildness from his Angels days, but would still throw what today looks like an ungodly number of pitches: a season high of 164, seven Watch our How-To Videos to Become a Stathead, Subscribe to Stathead and get access to more data than you can imagine. WebNolan Ryan pitched 222 complete games in his career. Nolan Ryan pitched 5386 innings in his career. He served on the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission from 1995 to 2001. The California Angels retired the number 30 on June 16, 1992; the Texas Rangers retired his number 34 on September 15, 1996; and the Houston Astros retired number 34 on September 29, 1996. Ryan missed much of the 1967 season due to illness, an arm injury, and service with the Army Reserve; he pitched only seven innings for the Mets' minor league affiliate in Jacksonville. On May 1, 1991, he pitched perhaps the best game of his career: His seventh no-hitter, against a playoff-bound Blue Jays team, striking out 16 with two walks. He has maintained a decades-long friendship with the Bush family, partially due to George W. Bush being a part-owner of the Rangers while Ryan played there. On Aug. 20, 1974, in a game against the Detroit Tigers, then Angels pitcher Nolan Ryan pitched an 11-inning complete game 1-0 loss. Greenberg became managing general partner and CEO, while Ryan remained as team president. [60] Ryan also played during the administrations of seven U.S. PresidentsLyndon B. Johnson, Richard M. Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Bill Clintonequaling a 20th-century record that had been set by Jim Kaat. Subscribe to Stathead Baseball: Get your first month FREEYour All-Access Ticket to the Baseball Reference Database. On August 6, 1992, Ryan had the only ejection of his career when he was ejected after engaging in a shouting match with Oakland Athletics outfielder Willie Wilson with two outs in the eighth inning. Through 12 innings, both pitchers remained in the game. Making his 40th career appearance, a 23-year-old Clemens fanned 20 of the 30 Mariners he faced and allowed one run on three hits with no walks in a complete-game win. [81] Ruth Ryan also coached their sons' little league teams for a few summers. I will not throw the ball down the middle." He had the three highest game scores of the season: 101, 99 and 99 (Erik Hanson also had a 99). Alvin High School Baseball", "Why there's confusion about when Nolan Ryan was selected in the first MLB Draft", "Nolan Ryan Winter & Minor Leagues Statistics & History", "The Kult Of Mets Personalities Nolan Ryan/Kris Benson 03/14 by Ivie League Prod", "13 worst December MLB trades of all time, ranked", "43 years later, relive the day the Mets traded Nolan Ryan to the Angels", "Those were the best pitches I ever heard", "Boston Red Sox at California Angels Box Score, June 14, 1974", "40 years ago Saturday, Nolan Ryan threw 235 pitches in a game", "Ryan Savors His Milestone With a Feeling of Relief", "In 1991, Nolan Ryan and Rickey Henderson set new MLB records on the exact same day", "May 15, 1973 California Angels at Kansas City Royals Box Score and Play by Play", "July 15, 1973 California Angels at Detroit Tigers Box Score and Play by Play", "September 28, 1974 Minnesota Twins at California Angels Play by Play and Box Score", "June 1, 1975 Baltimore Orioles at California Angels Box Score and Play by Play", "September 26, 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers at Houston Astros Box Score and Play by Play", "June 11, 1990 Texas Rangers at Oakland Athletics Play by Play and Box Score", "May 1, 1991 Toronto Blue Jays at Texas Rangers Box Score and Play by Play", "The Last Windup: A Look at Nolan Ryan, by the Numbers", "Texas United Bancshares agrees to buy Nolan Ryan family's bank", "The President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Publications", "Nolan Ryan hired as Texas Rangers' president", "Greenberg leaves Rangers; Ryan named CEO", "Ray Davis, Bob Simpson to continue as low-key counsel for Texas Rangers | texasrangers.com: News", "Rangers promote Jon Daniels to president of baseball operations", "Nolan Ryan to retire as Texas Rangers CEO on Halloween", "Nolan Ryan joins Astros front office in advisory role", "Nolan Ryan to return to Astros as special assistant to Jim Crane", "Nolan Ryan's Oldest Son Named Astros President", "Astros' upheaval continues with change atop business operations structure", "The Nolan Ryan Express | The Strikeout King | smackbomb.com/nolanryan", "No mention of Ryan brings plenty of disbelief", Texas Rangers Retired Number History on mlb.com, "Did the United States produce a Nolan Ryan Dollar coin? September 11, 1966 Nolan Ryan had 5,714 strikeouts over his career. Ryan's lifetime batting average against of .204 is also a major league record. That was the infamous Norm Cash episode. Overall, he was 69 in 1965 with a 4.33 ERA and 150 strikeouts in 120 innings. The back in my day folks would like to buy it, because today pitch speed is measured from here and back then it was measured from there, and if you switch here with there and do some kind of calculation, Ryan threw 240 mph because it makes a good story. He fanned 383 batters in 1973, breaking Sandy Koufax's modern record. He was inducted into the Texas Rangers Hall of Fame in 2003, and named the Rangers', and Astros' Hometown Hero in 2006the only player to be so named by two franchises. [7], In 1965, after graduating from Alvin, Ryan was drafted by the New York Mets in the 12th round of the 1965 Major League Baseball draft, with the 295th overall pick. He developed a changeup. Texas Rangers president and CEO (20082013), Houston Astros special assistant (20142019), Pitching Splits and Daily Pitching Logs at, Los Angeles Angels Opening Day starting pitchers, appeared in MLB games in four different decades, Houston Astros award winners and league leaders, List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders, List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders, List of Major League Baseball annual strikeout leaders, List of Major League Baseball players who played in four decades, List of Major League Baseball single-game strikeout leaders, List of Texas Rangers Opening Day starting pitchers, List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders, List of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders, List of Major League Baseball career bases on balls allowed leaders, "Nolan Ryan Society for American Baseball Research", "D Magazine Dallas Guide to Restaurants, Nightlife, Things to Do, Shopping, Politics, and Culture. He had a league-leading 329 strikeoutsnearly a third more than the AL runner-up, and to that point, the fourth-highest total of the 20th century. After Singer was sidelined early in the 1970 season due to hospitalization for hepatitis, he returned to win six of his first seven games. Niekro and Ryan both reach exclusive 3,000-strikeout club on Americas birthday Four Angels manager Bobby Winkles wanted to take Ryan out. Similarly, Ryan's 2,795 bases on balls lead second-place Steve Carlton by 962 walking over 50% more hitters than any other pitcher in MLB history. "When he was on the mound, he was a committed pitcher," Ryan wrote in "Miracle Man." Four of his five highest strikeout rates -- percentage of batters faced whom he struck out -- came in 1987, 1989, 1990 and 1991. Some defensive statistics Copyright Sports Info Solutions, 2010-2023. 1:48:32 Tiant who, mind you, is in a jam in the sixth inning is at 117 pitches. WebNolan Ryan is NOT a top 10 pitcher of all-time. [68] He chose to wear a Rangers cap for his HOF plaque to reflect his Texas heritage, as well as the fact that his 300th win, 5000th strikeout, and last two no-hitters came as a Ranger. Best Answer. Strikeouts are only a part of his dominance, but in just 1,260 career innings, the 65 righty already has 1,161 strikeouts and is pitching no-hitters like hes Nolan Ryan. Our reasoning for presenting offensive logos. He's the only guy I go against that makes me go to bed before midnight. Ryan did change, however, at least a little. We present them here for purely educational purposes. Cash's teammate Mickey Stanley commented on facing Ryan that day by saying, "Those were the best pitches I ever heard. I'm pretty sure I could hear the grunting from there. All Maddux stats acquired via sbnation.com. The marquee advertised: 'Nolan Ryan versus the Cleveland Indians.' Within five seasons, the season was only Ryan's fourth-highest strikeout total. In 1987, Ryan led the major leagues in both ERA (2.76) and strikeouts (270) at the age of 40, but finished 816 as the result of extremely poor run support; the Astros scored a total of 27 runs in his 16 lossesan average of 1.69 runs per game. His fastball averaged 93 mph. [54], On February 11, 2014, Ryan accepted a position as an executive adviser for the Houston Astros under owner Jim Crane. Ryans stat line from that game: 13 innings, 19 strikeouts, 10 walks, 58 batters Nolan Ryan weighed 170 lbs (77 kg) when playing. On June 13, 1983, pitching for Houston, he defeated San Diego, 2-0, allowing five [11] In 1963, at an Alvin High School game at Clear Creek High School in League City, Texas, Red Murff, a scout for the New York Mets, first noticed sophomore pitcher Ryan. Ryan was so dominant in this game, it led to one of baseball's best-remembered pranks. [78] They have three children: Reid, Reese, and Wendy. [51], Ryan was named the DallasFort Worth's 2012 CEO of the Year by Southern Methodist University's Cox School of Business. Nolan Ryan had 5,714 career strikeouts (Top 1,000), more than any other pitcher in history (839 more than #2 all-time, Randy Johnson). Nolan Ryan and Sandy Koufax are the only two pitchers inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame who had more strikeouts than innings pitched. On August 4, just before the end, Ryan had yet another high-profile momentthis time an on-the-mound fight. He finished 2nd in the Cy Young balloting (losing to Jim Palmer 8862) in 1973. WebRyan was a strike out pitcher who 7 no hitters (most all time), 12 one hitters (tied for 1st) and 18 2 hitters, almost 6 thousand strike outs (most in MLB history), and over 300 wins. He played baseball for 27 seasons, won 324 games, and was on the All-Star Team eight times. In 2011, he was inducted into the Irish American Baseball Hall of Fame. There has never been a pitcher like Nolan Ryan. Consider 46 years ago today June 14, 1974. As a young boy, Nolan enjoyed throwing objects at any target. You can't even comprehend what it's like to be that talented [but] he tries to intimidate people. Much of the play-by-play, game results, and transaction information both shown and used to create certain data sets was obtained free of charge from and is copyrighted by RetroSheet. "[63][full citation needed], Other writers have delved more into the specifics of James' general concerns. Ryan had curbed some of the wildness from his Angels days, but would still throw what today looks like an ungodly number of pitches: a season high of 164, seven games of 140-plus and 16 of 130-plus. He did not have a reputation as a headhunter, said retired MLB umpire Larry Young. When he was traded to the Angels in 1971, he discovered a weight room at Anaheim Stadium -- although he said it wasn't for the Angels, as baseball players were discouraged at the time from lifting weights (he wasn't sure who was it built for, suggesting maybe a soccer team). Near the end of Ryan's career, the evaluation shifted. Reid also pitched briefly in the minor leagues. Pitching 13 innings against the Boston Red Sox on June 14, 1974, Ryan threw 235 pitches, striking out 19, walking 10 and getting a no-decision. Nothing. Pitcher Nolan Ryan played 27 seasons for 4 teams. Ryan had 324 wins, 292 losses, an earned run average of 3.19, and 5,714 strikeouts. He was selected to play in 8 All-Star Games. Ryan was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1999. The opposing Royals, however, understood this was no ordinary no-hitter from an ordinary pitcher. [69] That year, he ranked 41st on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. (Carlton reached the same mark two weeks after Ryan, and Gaylord Perry did so later that season.) This exceeded an earlier pitch by Bob Feller which was measured at 98.6 miles per hour (158.7km/h) at home plate and previously thought to be the fastest pitch ever recorded.[29]. Nolan Ryan played for 4 teams; the New [1] Ryan had 15 or more strikeouts in a game 26 times, second only to Randy Johnson, who had 28. To Knepper's point, Ryan offers an anecdote about Pete Rose going up to him and asking him what pitch Mike Schmidt hit for a home run or some guy who had gone 2-for-3 two weeks ago. [78], Nolan Ryan resides in the Cimarron Hills community in Georgetown, Texas. That's exactly how I picture Ryan. Ryan pitched a hitless ball game the rest of the way. His father thought baseball a better usage for his arm; therefore, he encouraged Nolan to play the game. Ryan struck out 5,714 batters in his career, 17.2% more than Randy Johnson, the No. The injury ended his career two starts earlier than planned, at age 46. He also limited hitters to a .298 slugging percentage. Perhaps the most interesting aspect to the no-hitter was that Royals manager Jack McKeon had protested the game in the third inning, arguing that Ryan was illegally lifting his foot off the pitching rubber during his delivery. Ryan's last start was his career-worst; he allowed a single, four walks, and a grand slam in the top of the first without recording an out. I did not order the cookbook, but did pick up the two most recent biographies, hoping to find some insight.